Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death, according to the World Health Organization report a total of 1.5 million people died from TB in 2020 and its the second leading infectious killer after COVID-19 (above HIV/AIDS). TB is caused from a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) bacterium. The increase in M. tuberculosis drug resistance to existing anti-tubercular drugs, such as isoniazid or rifampicin is the major challenge for TB treatment.

Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology (LCSP), Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Delhi-NCR, India 2CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India 3Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India *Correspondence: rajender.motiani@rcb.res.in

We provide an experimental encephalitis murine model accomplished in 3-4 weeks old C57BL/6 mice. A mouse-adapted isolate of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), designated as JEV-S3, was generated by serially passaging the P20778 strain of the virus in 3-4 weeks old C57BL/6 mice. The study indicated that when mice were challenged with JEV-S3 through the intraperitoneal route, they developed characteristic clinical symptoms and histopathological lesions of encephalitis in the brain.

Microglial cells, the resident macrophages in the brain, play a vital role in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) pathogenesis. The deregulated activity of microglia can be lethal for the brain. Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is a myeloid lineage transcription factor involved in microglial activation. However, the impact of IRF8 modulation on JEV replication remains elusive. We summarize that in the murine model of JEV encephalitis, the death due to JEV appears to be primarily virus-mediated rather than immune-mediated in the Irf8-/- and Ifn-/- mice.

Adult Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) -derived exosomes carry several biologically active molecules. Depending on their origin, the content of their cargo and their functions may vary. This study aimed to get more in-depth insights into the differences and similarities between exosomes isolated from different origins i.e., bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AD), and Wharton Jelly (WJ), in the context of their miRNA landscape. It also studied the differences in immunomodulatory roles of these exosomes from other sources.

A study was conducted to catalog the miRNAs circulating in the plasma of the patients during dengue infection and identify the miRNAs associated with disease progression. To achieve it, we have used a high-throughput small RNA sequencing approach on plasma samples from dengue patients with varying disease severity and compared the data between the different clinical groups of dengue patients.

Our study gives a global view of miRNA expression in the plasma from dengue patients and provides a precious resource of candidate miRNAs involved in dengue infection and disease progression.

Horizontal acquisition of HopA1 effectors in Pseudomonas species has endowed expansion in their host range and increased infectivity potentials. HopA1s from P. syringae pv. syringae strain 61 (HopA1pss) but not from the tomato pathovar (HopA1pst) is recognized by Arabidopsis thaliana RESISTANCE TO PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE 6 (RPS6) to elicit effector-triggered immunity (ETI). To decipher detection and/or evasion modes in order to improve immunity in plants, we elucidated molecular mechanisms of HopA1 perception and its function in planta.